The eval builtin command¶

Synopsis¶

eval: eval [arg ...]

Description¶

eval takes its arguments, concatenates them separated by spaces, and executes the resulting string as Bash code in the current execution environment. eval in Bash works in essentially the same way as most other languages that have an eval function. Perhaps the easiest way to think about eval is that it works in the same way as running ''bash -c "bash code..." ''from a script, except in the case of eval, the given code is executed in the current shell environment rather than a child process.

Examples¶

In this example, the literal text within the here-document is executed as Bash code exactly as though it were to appear within the script in place of the eval command below it.

#!/usr/bin/env bash
{ myCode=$(</dev/stdin); } <<\EOF
... arbitrary bash code here ...
EOF

eval "$myCode"

Expansion side-effects¶

Frequently, eval is used to cause side-effects by performing a pass of expansion on the code before executing the resulting string. This allows for things that otherwise wouldn't be possible with ordinary Bash syntax. This also, of course, makes eval the most powerful command in all of shell programming (and in most other languages for that matter).

This code defines a set of identical functions using the supplied names. eval is the only way to achieve this effect.

main() {
    local fun='() { echo "$FUNCNAME"; }' x

    for x in {f..n}; do
        eval "${x}${fun}"
    done

    "$@"
}

main "$@"

Using printf %q¶

The printf %q format string performs shell escaping on its arguments. This makes printf %q the "anti-eval" - with each pass of a string through printf requiring another eval to peel off the escaping again.

while (( ++n <= 5 )) || ! evalBall="eval $evalBall"; do
    printf -v evalBall 'eval %q' "printf $n;${evalBall-printf '0\n'}"
done
$evalBall

The above example is mostly fun and games but illustrates the printf %q property.

Higher-order functions¶

Since all current POSIX-compatible shells lack support for first-class functions, it can be tempting and sometimes useful to simulate some of their effect using eval to evaluate a string containing code.

This example shows partial application using eval.

function partial {
    eval shift 2 \; function "$1" \{ "$2" "$(printf '%q ' "${@:3}")" '"$@"; }'
}

function repeat {
    [[ $1 == +([0-9]) ]] || return
    typeset n
    while ((n++ < $1)); do
        "${@:2}"
    done
}

partial print3 repeat 3 printf '%s ' # Create a new function named print3
print3 hi                            # Print "hi" 3 times
echo

This is very easy to do incorrectly and not usually considered idiomatic of Bash if used extensively. However abstracting eval behind functions that validate their input and/or make clear which input must be controlled carefully by the caller is a good way to use it.

Portability considerations¶

Unfortunately, because eval is a special builtin, it only gets its own environment in Bash, and only when Bash is not in POSIX mode. In all other shells plus Bash in POSIX mode, the environment of eval will leak out into the surrounding environment. It is possible to work around this limitation by prefixing special builtins with the command regular builtin, but current versions of ~~ksh93~~ and zsh don't do this properly (fixed in ksh 93v- 2012-10-24 alpha). Earlier versions of zsh work (with setopt POSIX_BUILTINS -- looks like a regression). This works correctly in Bash POSIX mode, Dash, and mksh.

eval is another one of the few Bash builtins with keyword-like conditional parsing of arguments that are in the form of compound assignments.

 $ ( eval a=( a b\\ c d ); printf '<%s> ' "${a[@]}"; echo ) # Only works in Bash.
<a> <b c> <d>
 $ ( x=a; eval "$x"=( a b\\ c d ); printf '<%s> ' "${a[@]}"; echo ) # Argument is no longer in the form of a valid assignment, therefore ordinary parsing rules apply.
-bash: syntax error near unexpected token `('
 $ ( x=a; eval "$x"'=( a b\ c d )'; printf '<%s> ' "${a[@]}"; echo ) # Proper quoting then gives us the expected results.
<a> <b c> <d>

We don't know why Bash does this. Since parentheses are metacharacters, they must ordinary be quoted or escaped when used as arguments. The first example above is the same error as the second in all non-Bash shells, even those with compound assignment.

In the case of eval it isn't recommended to use this behavior, because unlike e.g. declare, the initial expansion is still subject to all expansions including word-splitting and pathname expansion.

 $ ( set -x; touch 'x+=(\[[123]\]=*)' 'x+=([3]=yo)'; eval x+=(*); echo "${x[@]}" )
+ touch 'x+=(\[[123]\]=*)' 'x+=([3]=yo)'
+ eval 'x+=(\[[123]\]=*)' 'x+=([3]=yo)'
++ x+=(\[[123]\]=*)
++ x+=([3]=yo)
+ echo '[[123]]=*' yo
[[123]]=* yo

Other commands known to be affected by compound assignment arguments include: let, declare, typeset, local, export, and readonly. More oddities below show both similarities and differences to commands like declare. The rules for eval appear identical to those of let.